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Article Highlights
. Memory - Short-Term v. Long-Term 
Individualized Memory Encoding and Strong Study Habits . What is Individalized Memory
Encoding?
by Jeanna Foy-Stanley  
. Strengthen your Long-Term Memory


Sustaining strong study habits is the foundation for good grades and critical to the analytical cognitive process. Since the adult student frequently manages multiple roles, it is important to understand the relationship between the biological processes of memory and the behavioral patterns which support cognitive retention.

Memory - Short-Term v. Long-Term
Frequently, memory is thought of a as a singular cognitive process localized to one area of the brain. As a result of significant research in the area of neuroscience, we know that memory is a multiple neural systemic process. The “neural mechanisms” or biological and cellular organic processes in the brain employed (Kandel, Eric, R., (2000), 2000 Nobel Prize Winner in Medicine, The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses, Nobel Lecture: pgs.1-48) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2000/kandel-lecture.pdf) in memory storage is dependent upon whether the memory is short-term or long-term.

From the perspective of the student (especially for those committed to lifetime learning), the goal is to acquire knowledge to be held in the memory over the long-term. According to this Nobel Prize winning research, “the conversion of short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition”. Spaced repetition may be interpreted to mean habituation or the act of performing a behavior frequently.

The primary stage of memory storage process will depend upon whether the stimuli input (i.e., experience or event) is declarative or procedural. Declarative memory storage refers to the ability of the student to articulate an experience or event via writing or speech. One can “declare” or describe the experience or event learned without showing the steps of the learning process. An experience or event which is learned through repetitive action is labeled procedural. Through habituation, recall occurs on a subconscious level (implicit memory) or consciously (explicit memory). Memory stored in this manner typically must be shown (i.e., holding utensils). With procedural memory storage, there is a higher level of difficulty associated with “describing” the event or experience.

The secondary stage of memory storage process occurs when the Procedural memory storage is further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory. Episodic memory, also termed “source” memory, refers to the ability to recollect how and when the memory was acquired. According to Helen Thomson, author of Semantic Memory Pinpointed in the Brain, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10012-semantic-memory-pinpointed-in-the-brain.html, “The part of the brain responsible for the way we understand words, meanings and concepts has been revealed as the anterior temporal lobe – a region just in front of the ears.” [semantic memory]

“The journey from perception to storage of both semantic and episodic memory begins with the sensory receptors receiving stimuli. The stimuli register in the appropriate areas of the cortex (visual, auditory, etc.) and then travel to the hippocampus and an adjacent cluster of structures within the medial temporal lobe. These structures register the stimuli as neural patterns in much the same way as they were registered in the cortex. Note that the hippocampus is not the ultimate storage repository of memory; rather, it acts as an intermediate storage site for cortical representations on their way to long-term memory (Squire & Kandel, 2000). These representations can be reactivated during recall, and each time they are replayed the messages are sent back to the cortex, where the stimuli originally registered. This reactivation of the original neural patterns strengthens them, making them less likely to fade. With repeated activation, the memories form neural links that become more or less permanently embedded in the frontal cortex and temporal cortex. These links remain in long-term memory long after the hippocampal representations have faded.”

http://www.ascd.org/portal/site/ascd/template.chapter/menuitem.b71d101a2f7c208cdeb3ffdb62108a0c/?chapterMgmtId=d58bfa36dfcaff00VgnVCM1000003d01a8c0RCRD

What is Individualized Memory Encoding?
Individualized Memory Encoding specifically pertains to the personal selection of activities which incorporate the use of the senses for the purpose of strengthening the conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory. These activities may vary from person to person, however, once integrated into the commonly held suggestions for developing good study habits, it is hoped that the student will discover considerable benefits.

Strengthen Your Long-Term Memory
The adult learner should identify areas where studies can be conducted without interruption. Electronics can greatly enhance the environment. For music lovers, studying at home affords easy access to CD players, DVD players, and iTunes downloads to laptops and desktop computers. Whatever the genre(s) of music selected, the music should not be distracting. The intention is to utilize music as a mnemonic device. The portability of hand-held technology supports the acquisition and storage of information (learning and memory) during the lunch hour, commute to and from work, waiting on line and a myriad of other places and spaces where studying can occur. Good lighting is important so as to avoid fatigue, eyestrain and headaches. Worldwide, since 1997, adults are increasingly gleaning data and information from the World Wide Web. At home, subscription through an Internet Service Provider provides a portal to a rich research resource which is today’s Internet.



PARTNER BUILDING

1. BUILD A STUDY TEAM IN EACH CLASS. SELECT 2-3 CLASSMATES TO FORM A STUDY GROUP. EXCHANGE CONTACT NUMBERS AND SCHEDULE REGULAR MEETINGS.

2. SCHEDULE CONFERENCES WITH YOUR PROFESSORS/INSTRUCTORS.

3. SPEAK WITH YOUR ACADEMIC ADVISOR REGULARLY TO VERIFY THAT YOU ARE ON TARGET FOR GRADUATION.

4. CONTACT THE REGISTRAR'S OFFICE TO VERIFY THAT YOU ARE TAKING SUFFICIENT CREDITS TO SATISFY PART-TIME OR FULL-TIME STATUS. (THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR MEETING FINANCIAL AID REQUIREMENTS.)
Jeanna Foy-Stanley, Founder
TheOnlineEducationStore.com


Since the retention of information undergirds critical thinking, the proper allocation of time should be planned for on an ongoing basis. Whether personal choice dictates the use of a personal digital assistant, time management software (http://www.freewarefiles.com) or the traditional planner, actively scheduling for uninterrupted time will promote retention of learned material. Preparing in advance for each week’s assignment is optimal. During prior weeks, gathering related contact names, articles, websites, documents, etc. build resource files to be used later for papers, research, articles and books. Ideally, in addition to the assigned reading materials, support references (dictionary, thesaurus, publications, highlighter(s), writing pads, pens/pencils, rolodex (offline or online) should be within reaching distance. Writing notes and highlighting important passages further engage the sense of touch to build long-term memory. These practices promote concentrated focus and repetitive review of both primary and secondary(support) information . (touch)

I incorporate my religious faith into my studies. It is not uncommon for me to take prayer breaks during study or even to stand and dance liturgically or to engage in intercessory prayer for others. As a Christian woman, I believe that the human intellect is of God and therefore ongoing communion in prayer and worship strengthen the cognitive process.

Good health promotes effective learning and snacks selected while studying may further enhance long-term memory. From herbal tea to low-fat yogurt to granola bars to unsalted potato chips to crudite with low-fat dip, there are a wide range of munchies available on the Internet, in supermarkets and in health food stores. Short on time, order online and have them delivered to your door. Subscribe to publications which discuss health and related topics. Successful study habits are an integration of behavioral sets. It may be advantageous to seek the counsel of a doctor who practices holistic medicine or a holistic health nutritionist. In this way, as the adult learner’s lifestyle transitions to accommodate the rigors of academic work, the overall picture is properly evaluated. A personal trainer or exercise coach can be helpful in suggesting exercise routines which relieve stress, build strength and maintain good physical health.

Visual stimuli can be quite effectively used to support the storage of acquired data as long-term. Nature can be a wonderful backdrop for developing associations between concepts, memorizing procedures, reviewing theories, etc. Museums, cafes, quiet restaurants, parks, art galleries are all thought-provoking environments for study. Stimulating but not distracting. The overlying theory proven by research is “practice makes perfect”.

Individualized Memory Encoding is an organizational approach to studying which incorporates the individual’s senses to support the retention of assigned coursework as long-term memory.

Jeanna Foy-Stanley, M.B.A.
The Online Education Store.com
(http://theonlineeducationstore.com)






READING.....FOOD FOR THOUGHT  

I -
Introduction
The term “globalization” has only recently
become commonplace, and yet trade
economists like us have been studying and teaching about it for decades, even centuries.

What the Public Should Know about
Globalization and the World Trade Organization

Alan V. Deardorff and Robert M. Stern
The University of Michigan
July 2



II - Join a Book Group and Exchange Ideas
OPRAH'S BOOK CLUB PICK:

A New Earth: Awakening To Your Life's Purpose
by Eckhart Tolle
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What Do You Think?
Join the online discussion with Oprah Winfrey and author,
Eckhart Tolle. Register on Oprah.com.

Use Skye.com for free communication around the world.
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Through this site, headsets and webcams can be purchased for use with Skype technology.


GLOBALIZATION

1. Globalization by Arjun Appadurai

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2. Making Globalization Work by Joseph Stiglitz

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3. One Economics, Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic Growth by Dani Rodnik


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4. Global Tranformations Reader: An Introduction to The Globalization Debate by David Held (Editor), Anthony McGrew (Editor)

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5. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures In A New World by Alan Greenspan

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6. Learning In The Global Era: International Perspectives on Globalization and Education by Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco (Editor)

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7. Interntional Economics: Theory and Policy by Paul R. Krugman, and Maurice Obsfeld

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8. In Defense of Globalization by Jadgish Bhaqwati

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FREE ONLINE LECTURE

 Combating Global Poverty
http://forum-network.org/wgbh/forum.php?lecture_id=1796

Paul Farmer, Medical Anthropologist, 1993 MacArthur Award
Amartya Sen, 1998 Nobel Prize, Economics
Lincoln Chen, Director, Harvard Center for Global Poverty

 


Dr. Paul Farmer, who for the last 20 years has worked in Haiti with poor communities to combat infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and Harvard economist Amartya Sen, who won a Noble Prize for his work on world poverty, discuss strategies to help eliminate the spread of disease and hunger in the developing world with Dr Lincoln Chen, Director of Harvard's Center for Global Poverty.









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